imaging of acetylcholine in a rat’s brain. The versatility of the MS-based sensor was ex­

plained by simultaneous monitoring of metabolites and other targeted analytes [61].

8.12 Conclusion

Biomarkers are the indicators of physiological processes in the human body and dis­

criminate the normal physiological state from the diseased state. Diverse types of elec­

tronic techniques are in use nowadays for early-stage diagnosis and monitoring of disease

states after therapy. The detection techniques have their specific characteristics for

detecting biomarkers. Some techniques are non-destructive and require minute sample

amounts to analyze biomarkers. It is a global concern to utilize smaller sample quantities

for analysis and decrease the limit of detection of biological analytes to sense biomarkers.

Among the sensing techniques, microfluidic electrochemical sensors can be used in point-

of-care diagnosis due to portability and simplicity. The above-mentioned techniques are

high-throughput technologies for the detection of biomarkers and can be used in per­

sonalized medicine in the future.

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